Proceedings of International Conference on BioScience and Biotechnology
The Proceedings of International Conference on BioScience and Biotechnology is based on a theme which is annually introduced according to the novel trends in the field of BioScience and Biotechnology. This issue brings out the best research studies presented at the International Conference on BioScience and Biotechnology.
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STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NPAS4-ARNT DIMERIZATION THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION
Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 4 (Npas4) is an activity dependent transcription factor harboring basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-PAS domain, mediating the expression of target genes involved in neuro-transmission. NPAS4 crucially regulates response to various excitatory stimuli and has a role in GABAergic neuronal synapse development. Functionally, NPAS4 as a transcription factor dimerizes with the ARNT protein to serve as complete transcription factor and start the transcription of downstream genes. However, NPAS4 dimerization characteristics with ARNT has not been studied so far. Hence the current study aimed to identify the interaction pattern of NPAS4-ARNT complex through computational docking via HADDOCK. The interaction pattern were determined through pdbSum. The electrostatic surface calculations were performed through APBS plugins in PyMOL. The results indicated that PASB domain of NPAS4 is involved in interactions with the PAS B domain of ARNT. A toll of 136 structures generated by HADDOCK were further grouped into 14 clusters. The cluster with the minimum energy value of -82.6 KJ/mol was then further selected for interaction analysis. The results showed that there is one salt bridge, 12 H-bonding interactions and 156 non-bonded contacts between two proteins. The important interactions among two proteins are Asp224:NPAS4 and Gln421:ARNT, Asp229:NPAS4 and Ser442:ARNT, Glu232:NPAS4 and Thr361:ARNT, Phe240, Glu241:NPAS4, and Arg440:ARNT. The electrostatic potential of these two proteins revealed the binding interface of NPAS4 and ARNT to be neutral hence favoring hydrophobic interactions. The findings can help elucidate Npas4 role in interacting with other neuronal proteins involved in neuronal signaling. Moreover, the interaction findings provide useful comparative insight with other bHLH proteins.
THE STUDY OF BARLEY RESISTANCE TO CADMIUM AND ZINC
The rich resource and raw material potential of Kazakhstan was the basis for the development of a powerful industry. However, it is industrial centers that are the areas of the highest pollution of the environment with heavy metals. A significant increase in the content of heavy metals in the environment is accompanied by their accumulation in plants, which has a negative impact on their growth, development and productivity. In this regard, the study of the reaction of plants to the action of heavy metals causes not only great scientific, but also practical interest. Different varieties of barley have been studied under conditions of natural soil contamination with heavy metals. The aim of the study is to identify resistant to cadmium and zinc barley varieties. The objects of the study are four varieties of barley from the collection of the East Kazakhstan Research Institute of Agriculture: Siberian Avant-Garde, Modern, Omsk, and Donetsk-8. The yield and survival of barley plants during the spring-summer vegetation were studied. Determination of physiological parameters was carried out according to the method of field experience. Productivity was determined by the direct method. Heavy metals (cadmium and zinc) were determined by atomic absorption with atomization in a flame and graphite furnace. The largest crop among the studied varieties has Modern variety of barley. The best survival is also demonstrated by Modern variety of barley. Donetsk-8 barley variety accumulates the least cadmium in the seeds. Siberian Avant-Garde barley variety accumulates the minimum amount of zinc in the seeds and at the same time is characterized by good survival during the spring-summer vegetation under conditions of polymetallic soil contamination.
THE STUDY OF GENETIC VARIABILITY IN ASSOCIATION WITH ZINC UPTAKE EFFICIENCY IN Triticum aestivum L GENOTYPES
Diversity in agro ecosystems can improve the sustainability of cropping systems in terms of low external inputs and unpredictable climate changes. Agricultural ecosystems in the world are widely related to economical and social status. The major aim of agricultural ecosystems management is to maximize nutrient flow and human service materials. Nutrient efficiency in wheat is very complex. It includes nutrient acquisition efficiency and nutrient use efficiency. In this study 26 winter wheat genotypes were used to investigate the interactive effects between genotypes and the use efficiencies of the Zn micronutrient of the grain. An experiment was carried out in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education, Center of West Azerbaijan, in which Genotypes were planted in complete randomized block design with three replications. The traits such as plant height, biological and grain yield, harvest index, length of spike, number of kernel per spike, thousand kernel weight and spike weight were measured or calculated. Concentration of Zn in the grain was measured by dry combustion using Perkin Elmer 2380 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Zinc uptake was calculated by multiplying grain Zn concentration in the grain yield. It was revealed that biomass weight of whole plot, plant height, number of kernel per spike, grain yield of main culms, biological yield, length of spike and number of spikelet/spike were positively correlated with grain yield, while the grain protein percentage was negatively correlated with the grain yield. Variance analysis showed that there were highly significant differences among traits. The results obtained in this study indicate that nutrient use efficiency of the Zn varies widely within wheat genotypes. Some genotypes were identified as being Zn use efficiency. These are considered as low-input genotypes. It seems that a special breeding programmer of crop cultivars for low Zn nutrient and stress condition could be successful. Improving the cultivar response to Zn nutrient will help to reduce inputs and hence protect the environment.
PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES FROM FISH SKIN FOR DAIRY PRODUCTS
The aim of this research was studying the fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) produced from Salmon (Salmo salar) skin prepared by different methods. Four methods were used: enzymatic hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, chemical (with acids or alkalis) and enzymatic hydrolysis with preserving agents upon the heating proposed to produce fish protein hydrolysates (FPH). All methods modified and adapted to optimized researches. All hydrolysates were vacuum freeze-dried and collagen content was determined in them. Depending on the collagen content in the FPH, methods may be ranked as follows: chemical method (with acids or alkali) (15,1%) < enzymatic hydrolysis (26,5%) < acid hydrolysis (30,0%) < enzymatic hydrolysis with preserving agents upon the heating (37,5%). The results showed that FPH prepared using enzymatic hydrolysis with preserving agents upon the heating had a greater amount of protein than FPH prepared using other methods. Citric acid preparation and sesame seeds covered the initial fish odour and off-flavours generated in fish hydrolysates. The sensory analysis of the final product allowed choosing the most rational content of components. Hydrolysis with preserving agents on the heating allowed obtaining collagen hydrolysate in dry form and without fish smell. This FPH may be used as a stabilizer in dairy products.
PROVING THE EFFICACY OF MANGIFERIN AS A NEUROPROTECTIVE DRUG USING DOCKING STUDIES
Mangiferin, a bioactive Xanthonoid known for its anti-oxidant & therapeutic activity, has been involved in a variety of potential pharmacological activities. The aim of this work is to prove the efficacy of mangiferin as a neuroprotective drug by docking it with β-amyloid precursor protein, which causes Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration and behavioral changes along with the chronic inflammation of neurons. Studies have shown that the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide has resulted in the inflammatory changes such as astrocytosis and microgliosis. Based on the quantitative analysis of the molecular docking technique it was observed that mangiferin successfully docked with amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. The ligand binding affinity was high due to the presence of many flexible docked conformers. The most stable conformer was having a final docked value of -12.421 with binding energy amounting to -4.11 kcal/mol. The in silico docking analysis demonstrates that mangiferin exhibits binding interactions with β-amyloid precursor protein that are potentially responsible for the inhibition of the protease enzyme which would be helpful in developing a neuroprotective drug for Alzheimer’s Disease.
STUDY OF SPRING WHEAT VARIETIES FOR IDENTIFICATION OF FORMS RESISTANT TO CADMIUM
The purpose of our study was the identification of spring wheat varieties resistant to cadmium, a priority pollutant in the East Kazakhstan region. The experiments were carried out in the condition of model environmental pollution on 14-day sprouts of various spring wheat varieties, that were grown on a nutrient mixture, containing 0.1 mM of CaSO4 and Cd ions at a concentration of 40 mg/l. Screening of spring wheat varieties under the conditions of the model experiment made it possible to identify resistant and sensitive genotypes. In terms of growth and accumulation of cadmium in the aboveground organs, the most resistant to cadmium spring wheat varieties are Samal and Kaiyr, the least resistant are the varieties Lutescens and Zhenis. In terms of growth and accumulation of cadmium in the roots, the most resistant varieties of spring wheat were Kazakhstan-15 and Kazakhstan Early, the most unstable – the variety Lutescens. Chlorophyll a is more sensitive to the action of cadmium ions than chlorophyll в. Cadmium-resistant varieties can be used in field studies of soil contamination with cadmium to identify promising forms that combine metal resistance with high yield and resistance to weather conditions.
THE USE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES TO DETECT TOXIC SYNTHETIC DRUG, SIBUTRAMINE, ADULTERATED IN TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES
Traditional herbal medicines (THM’s) are still being used worldwide in at least 80% of the population, mainly in developing countries, due to the assumption that they are safer and cheaper. However, these medicines are now being adulterated with synthetic drugs causing toxic effects. One such drug is Sibutramine, a drug used for weight loss. Although Sibutramine has several promising weight loss effects, it causes several toxic side effects; this resulted in its banning and withdrawal from the market. Despite this, it is still being adulterated in herbal medicines and needs to be detected. It is detected using several analytical techniques such as TLC, GC, LC-MS, LCMS/MS, QTOF-LC/MS and more recently, spectroscopic techniques. Out of all the techniques, QTOF-LC/MS detected concentrations of Sibutramine adulterated in 9.4 mg (not clear what this means) and had LOD and LOQ values of 0.4- 2.0 µg kg-1 and 1.3- 6.0 µg kg-1 respectively; therefore, QTOF-LC/MS is the best technique developed up to date when compared to all the other techniques. However, research is currently ongoing to combine spectroscopic techniques other than MS, to overcome disadvantages such as lack of global information, false-positive results, time and labor consumption to detect Sibutramine adulteration in the future.
Copyright (c) 2017 © 2018 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES OF SECONDARY METABOLITES PRODUCED BY AN ENDOLICHENIC FUNGUS, Penicillium pinophilum AGAINST STORED GRAIN INSECT PESTS, Callosobruchus maculatus
Fungi produce secondary metabolites with insecticidal properties. To investigation the insecticidal activity from the isolation of secondary metabolites in fungus, Penicillium pinophilum and their toxicity against cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus. Pure fungi cultures were grown in small scale on PDA for two weeks. The fungi grown on PDA were used for further investigations and grown in large scale. After extracted to EtOAc and isolated bioactive compounds. The bioactive EtOAc extracts were partitioned with hexane, CHCl3 and 50 % MeOH and bioactivity of the three fractions (hexane fraction, chloroform fraction and 50 % MeOH fraction) were evaluated for bioactivity separately using the insecticidal bioassay (Residual Film Bioassay) and anti-inflammatory bioassay (Heat Induced Human Red Blood Cell Bioassay). After bioactive CHCl3 fraction and it sub-fractions were further purified using column chromatography and preparative TLC respectively. Pure compound 3 isolated from the chloroform extract of P. pinophilum was shown highly % mortality values (lowly LD50 values) and pure compounds 1, 2 and 3 were shown highly % inhibition values for above bio assays respectively. So results suggest pure compound 3 can be used as bio-insecticide against C. maculatus and pure compounds 1, 2 and 3 better than that aspirin as antiinflammatory drugs.
DETECTION OF COTININE IN PASSIVE SMOKERS EXPOSED TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the main cause of second hand smoking (SHS) induced disease conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, vascular cancer and other types of cancers. It was estimated by the Health and Social Care Information Center (HSCIC) in UK that in the year 2016, 16 million people worldwide between the ages of 16 - 35 years died of smoking related diseases. Hence, different analytical techniques based on mass spectrometry (MS) and chromatography were developed, to detect the presence of tobacco metabolites in body fluids. These tobacco biomarkers in different body fluids could be used to correlate the level of ETS exposure. Among all the tobacco metabolites, cotinine was studied to be the most reliable biomarker, since it does not get affected by other environmental factors and it has along half-life f 17 hours. Therefore, by studying the levels of SHS, smoking cessation programs in public places like schools, parks and public transports could be reinforced in order to protect the innocent lives who are being exposed to tobacco smoke. This review mainly focuses on the detection of cotinine in saliva, serum, urine and hair. In conclusion, it was evident that cotinine detection in hair was the most reliable biological matrix to detect ETS exposure in passive smokers.
RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN FORENSIC TOXIC DRUG ANALYSIS BY DESORPTION ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY (DESI-MS)
Forensic toxicology is the analysis of biological samples to identify the presence of any harmful substances in the body. The three major sub disciplines in forensic toxicology are; human performance toxicology, post-mortem toxicology and forensic drug analysis. Hence, from the three major sub disciplines in forensic toxicology, forensic drug analysis is of major interest, as it involves in the identification of illicit and counterfeit pharmaceutical drugs in biological matrices.Thus, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) is an emerging technique in rapid analysis of biological samples in forensic drug analysis, due to the increase in illicit and counterfeit drug users during the past decade. Although, this technique allows the direct analysis of samples from the surface at ambient pressure, development in the technique has been made to increase the sensitivity and specificity in analysing forensic drugs. Meanwhile, improvements in the extraction procedures prior to DESI-MS analysis, possibilities in analysing the drugs in raw urine sample from its native environment and reduction in the geometrical parameters have been the major developments made in DESI-MS. Also, advancement in DESI-MS enables direct analysis of drug tablets to identify the active pharmaceutical drugs present in the tablet and distinguishes between pharmaceutical drugs and counterfeit or fake drugs. This safety evaluation is important as several counterfeit drugs are prepared with illicit components and sold in the market and used to perform illegal activities. Therefore, the recent advancement in forensic toxic drug analysis by DESI-MS enables the law enforcement to pursue criminal charges against the suspect.
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CELLULOSE IN COCONUT COIR: PRETREATED VIA SONICATION
Coconut coir is composed of cellulose, lignin, pectin, and hemicellulose. Production of biofuels is one possible application of this lignocellulosic waste. Physical-chemical pretreatment is required in order to remove lignin and to increase cellulose digestability. Commonly, the coconut coir was pretreated primarily with NaOH solution (5-11%) in autoclave at 121°C for 1 hour. The aims of this work were to find an enhanced pretreatment procedure for the coconut coir, and to study kinetics of the cellulose hydrolysis process at elevated temperature. For this purpose, we used NaOH solution (5% w/v) and ultrasonic bath for 1 hour at 50°C, which can successfully replace autoclave pretreatment. Moreover, the temperature of the ultrasonic pretreatment coincided with the temperature of hydrolysis reaction carried out subsequently. Two commercial enzymes cellulase and β-galactosidase were applied simultaneously as biocatalyst for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. One of the advantages of the ultrasound-assisted pretreatment was the lowest weight loss of the coir - 48% (w/w). When using autoclave, the weight loss was much higher - about 66-67% (w/w) of the coir samples. First order kinetic equation for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose was derived, and kinetic constants were obtained for the product released at different modes of operation.
PRODUCTION AND DETECTION OF L-(+)-LACTIC ACID USING CASSAVA AS THE LOW COST FERMENTATION MEDIUM FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS AS ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES
Polymers based on Lactic acid are of great importance to the healthcare industry because they decompose by hydrolysis in the human body in to nontoxic metabolites. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to produce L-(+)-Lactic acid using a low cost medium in order to synthesize a biodegradable polymer for healthcare industry. Powdered cassava was acid hydrolyzed using different concentration of HCl (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 5, 8 and 10 %) followed by a thermal treatment at 120OC for 10 minutes. Five different media (A- E) were prepared from the above hydrolyzed product along with yeast extract. Lactobacillus casei was inoculated to media A (Cassava- 5 g, Yeast extract-1.5 g, K2HPO4-0.41 g, KH2PO4-0.56 g), B (Cassava- 5 g, Yeast extract 1.5g, MgSO4.7H2SO4- 1 g, (NH4)2SO4-1 g), C (Cassava- 5 g, Yeast extract- 5g, K2HPO4- 2 g, NaAc- 5 g, MgSO4.7H2SO4- 0.02 g, MnSO4.4H2O-0.05 g), D (Cassava- 5 g, Yeast extract- 1.0g, K2HPO4- 0.41g, MgSO4.7H2SO4- 1g, (NH4)2SO4-1g), and E (Cassava crumble- 5 g, Yeast extract- 1.0g, K2HPO4- 0.41g, MgSO4.7H2SO4- 1g, (NH4)2SO4-1g). Medium A, B, and C were inoculated with L. delbrueckii. The lactic acid produced by each species in different media were quantified using Agilent 1260 infinity HPLC. According the Benedict test the 2 % HCl was obtained to provide efficient amount of L-(+)-lactic acid via acid hydrolysis. Medium D fermented with L. casei was identified as the effective low cost medium for large scale fermentation. The lactic acid concentration of the medium D was detected as 259 mg/L. Medium D was identified as effective medium for large scale fermentation for the production lactic acid with L. casei. Purification and polymerization need to be performed in order to synthesis the biopolymer.
NANOTECHNOLOGY BASED TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN BREAST CANCER THERAPY
Cancer is a highly heterogeneous and complex disease condition to understand because of its cellular and physiological systems. The most common cancer treatments are chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical excision. Out of them chemotherapy remains as the most widely used anti-cancer therapy. But unfortunately chemotherapy has plenty of drawbacks when considering its action on cancerous cells. Many chemotherapeutic drugs are highly toxic, not specific, poorly selective and less soluble because of these incidents cancer patients have severe side effects such as alopecia, renal failures, cardiac failures and etc. In order to overcome these problems in nanotechnology based targeted drug delivery system was introduced. Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing files which promote novel methods in cancer diagnosis, treatments and prognosis. In targeted drug delivery system use differently synthesized nanoparticles to reduce the drawbacks of chemotherapy. Nanoparticles such as liposomes, carbon nanotubes, virus mediated nanoparticles and nanodiamonds are some of the nanoparticles which are being discussed in this article. By using nanoparticles many of the drawbacks in conventional chemotherapy can be altered for an example by using surface functionalized nanoparticles chemotherapeutic drugs can be loaded into the particle and easily can be delivered to the exact tumor site without harming the non-cancerous cells while increasing the halflife of the drug. Likewise there are many advantages in nanotaenology based targeted drug delivery system over the conventional chemotherapy which will give a new ray of hope towards cancer patients to have a quality life.
STUDY ON BACTERIAL CELLULOSE PRODUCTION FROM FRUIT JUICES
Need for large quantity of bacterial cellulose (BC), used as a matrix for production of numerous materials with desirable properties, has increased in the fields of biomedicine and electronics. To achieve the goals further investigations are essential in order to understand the intracellular polymerisation reaction; to increase the biosynthesis rate and reduce cost of the overall production process. Carbon sources for the BC production are usually glucose, fructose, and sucrose, so juices from low grade fruits can successfully substitute the carbohydrates, vitamins, ascorbic acid, and proteins in the growth medium and can form low-cost substrates. We used strain Gluconoacetobacter xylinus CICC10529 to produce cellulose from watermelon and mandarin juices (70% v/v and 80% v/v) with or without yeast extract supplement. The liquid media (with working volumes 50 mL and 100 mL) made from fruit juices always contained MgSO4.7H2O (1.5 w/v%), K2HPO4 (0.1 w/v%), as well as ethanol (1 v/v%). Two modes of operation: static biosynthesis in incubator and dynamic biosynthesis in orbital shaker (at 200 rpm) were conducted at 30°C. The production process was monitored during 7 to 10 days. Thermal properties of BC produced at different conditions were investigated through thermal gravimetric analysis and width of the cellulose fibrils/ribbons were compared via microscopic observations.
IDENTIFICATION OF SPRING WHEAT GERMPLASM RESISTANT TO POLLUTION OF COPPER AND LEAD FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECOLOGICALLY CLEAN TECHNOLOGY
The creation and usage of technologically resistant breeds of agricultural plants in production is an effective way of solving the problem of soil contamination by heavy metals. At the first stage of this process it’s necessary to study the gene pool of cultural and wild-growing plants and to allocate forms which accumulate the minimum quantity of pollutants in a commodity part of a harvest. Objects of an experiment are various spring wheat genotypes from a collection of East Kazakhstan agricultural scientific research institute. During the research growth indicators were identified, the index of tolerance of plants was calculated, as well as the regularity of accumulation and distribution of heavy metals on spring wheat bodies in the conditions of the increased contamination of the environment have been studied. Screening of spring wheat breeds in the laboratory conditions allowed to identify resistant and sensitive genotypes. By indicators of sprouts and roots’ growth, the genotype GEK 2082/1 was the most resistant to the influence of lead. The genotype Lutescens 718 – is the least resistant genotype. By indicators of sprouts and roots’ growth, the genotype GEK 2077/1 was the most resistant genotype to the influence of copper. The least resistant genotype is GEK 2033/5.
DETERMINATION OF LUNG SOUND AS NORMAL OR ABNORMAL, USING A STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE
In this study the authors investigate a possibility of objectively differentiating a lung sound as normal or abnormal using a statistical technique. For the study, breath sounds were recorded from 30 nonsmoking, healthy subjects and 7 subjects with respiratory disorders whose external physical symptoms were not shown, using an electronic stethoscope. A 4th order Butterworth bandpass filter removed environment sounds and an Adaptive filter using Least Mean Square algorithm cancelled other body sounds from the recorded sound to obtain only the lung sound. After amplifying a lung sound signal up to the initial recorded amplitude, signal was compared with a standard normal and a standard abnormal lung sound. The comparison was done by calculating the Mahalanobis Distance mean values. The Mahalanobis distance mean values obtained from subjects with respiratory disorders showed considerable deviations from the specific range of values obtained by subjects with normal lung sounds concluding this method is capable of distinguishing between normal and abnormal lung sounds and could developed to noninvasively determine the progress of patients with respiratory disorders.
KINETIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT ON SOURCE-SEPARATED ORGANIC WASTE FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION BY S. cerevisiae STRAIN
Ethanol production from organic fraction of municipal solid waste with inclusion of construction/demolition waste can be an effective waste management strategy to overcome the growing problems with landfill space and dependency on conventional fuels. The main challenge in ethanol conversion is the high cost of processing in which pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are the major steps. This study investigates impact of several key parameters, namely: pH, temperature, adsorption capacity, cellulose hydrolysis rate, cell mass, enzyme and substrate loading doses on ethanol yield. The pre-treatment incorporates pre-processing and enzymatic hydrolysis steps through the use of a thermal screw press (TSP) and cellulose-organic-solvent based lignocellulosic fractionation (COSLIF) on the source-separated organic (SSO) waste to liberate fermentable sugars. Enzymatic hydrolysis experiments were featured with the addition of a commercially available enzyme complex, Accellerase 1500, to mediate the process and increase sugar yields. A kinetic model that uses a semi-mechanistic rate equation for cellulose hydrolysis was adapted and modified to accommodate batch simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) process on pre-treated SSO waste by yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae DA2416. New experimentally defined SSO parameters have been fitted into a kinetic model to evaluate the sugar and ethanol yields. It was found that the model was capable of predicting ethanol productions with diminutive variance from experiments with substrate concentrations between 10 g/L and 50 g/L. Model predictions from experimental data deviated significantly with substrate loading rate from 60 g/L and higher. Fermentation results demonstrated that S. cerevisiae DA2416 produced ethanol in the range of 35 - 50 g/L, with ethanol yield of 0.48 - 0.50 g of ethanol/g sugar, in 5 days with 96% cellulose conversion. This study provides important insights for investigation on the use of SSO waste for ethanol production by S. cerevisiae DA2416. Furthermore, the model was proven to be a useful tool to facilitate future process optimization for up-scale bioreactors.
Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on BioScience and Biotechnology 2017